新构模型Newly composed model
先看墙面。移动滑块，或点选四个节气站，让一年走过墙面。 Look at the wall first. Move the slider, or tap the four stations, and let one year pass across it.
- 窟内温度Cave temperature
- −6 °C
- 相对湿度Relative humidity
- 10–20%
- 盐分状态Salt behaviour
- 壁画本体Painting fabric
温度与湿度变化时，盐分会析出或潮解，颜料层与地仗的附着状态随之改变。 As temperature and humidity shift, salts bloom or dissolve, and the grip between paint, plaster and rock changes with them.
关系The relation
室外湿空气、可溶盐与墙体材料是同一件事。 Humid outside air, soluble salts and the wall material are one coupled system.
解释洞窟不是一张挂在墙上的图像。地仗、颜料层与围岩持续与外界空气交换水分；盐随水走，水随气候走。因此，第85窟不能作为一个孤立的画面来保护——被保护的对象是整个环境。 InterpretationThe cave is not a picture hung on a wall. Plaster, paint layer and rock exchange moisture with the air outside; the salts travel with the water, and the water travels with the weather. Cave 85 cannot be conserved as an isolated image — what is conserved is an environment.
两个原因，放在一起看Two causes, laid over each other
调整下面两个量，看窟内相对湿度与二氧化碳如何回应。新构模型 Move both quantities and watch how humidity and carbon dioxide inside respond.Newly composed model
原因 A · 人的呼吸Cause A · people breathing
原因 B · 室外湿空气（雨后模型日，室外 RH 90%）Cause B · humid outside air (modelled day after rain, outside RH 90%)
移动两个滑块，比较它们各自的贡献。 Move both sliders to compare what each one contributes.
开放与关闭Open or close
按记录在案的阈值，替第85窟做一次决定。 Make one decision for Cave 85, using the documented thresholds.
- 文献事实 / documentedCO₂ 不高于 1,500 ppmCO₂ not above 1,500 ppm
- 文献事实 / documented盐害风险洞窟相对湿度不高于 62%Relative humidity not above 62% for salt-risk caves
- 文献事实 / documented第85窟在高湿期间关闭Cave 85 closes during periods of high humidity
下面三种参观条件为按上述阈值设定的新构情景。选错会立即给出说明，可以改选。 The three visit conditions below are modelled scenarios built on those thresholds. A wrong choice explains itself at once, and can be changed.
Mogao Cave 85 · 敦煌莫高窟第85窟
洞窟也是
一个环境
The Cave Is
Also an
Environment
第85窟建成于唐咸通八年（867年），属晚唐。它由前室、甬道与主室组成，保存约350平方米壁画与三身彩塑。二十世纪以来，这里出现大面积地仗层空鼓与盐害：颜料起甲、粉化，成片的地仗从围岩上脱开。 Cave 85 was completed in 867, in the late Tang. It has an antechamber, a corridor and a main chamber, and holds about 350 square metres of wall painting together with three polychrome sculptures. Over the last century widespread plaster detachment and salt contamination appeared here: paint flaking and powdering, whole areas of ground separating from the rock behind.
1997年起，敦煌研究院与盖蒂保护研究所以第85窟为重点开展合作，项目于2010年完成。工作从环境入手：窟内冬季相对湿度约10–20%，夏季可达40%以上，一场降雨可将其推至80%以上。混合吸湿盐的潮解可以发生在纯氯化钠75%平衡湿度之下——这意味着"看起来不算太湿"的日子，盐也可能已经在动。 From 1997 the Dunhuang Academy and the Getty Conservation Institute worked together with Cave 85 at the centre; the project was completed in 2010. The work began with the environment: inside, winter relative humidity runs at about 10–20%, summer reaches 40% or higher, and rain can push it past 80%. Mixed hygroscopic salts can deliquesce below the 75% equilibrium humidity of pure halite — so on a day that does not feel especially wet, the salts may already be moving.
被保护的从来不只是那面墙，还有围绕它的空气、水与时间。 What is conserved was never only the wall — it is the air, the water and the time around it.
科学调查表明：影响窟内相对湿度的主要因素是室外湿空气的进入，而非参观者呼出的水汽。因此参观管理与环境监测被写进同一套方案：CO₂ 上限、湿度上限、以及高湿期间关闭第85窟。处理结束并不等于风险结束——修复不能取消材料持续的脆弱性，监测因此必须继续。 Scientific investigation found that the main influence on relative humidity inside is the intrusion of humid air from outside, not the moisture exhaled by visitors. Visitation management and environmental monitoring therefore belong to one plan: a CO₂ ceiling, a humidity ceiling, and closure of Cave 85 in high humidity. Treatment ending is not risk ending — conservation does not remove the continuing vulnerability of the material, so monitoring goes on.
- 在地主体Local lead
- 文献事实敦煌研究院。樊锦诗与研究院工作人员居于这项工作的首要位置；盖蒂保护研究所团队参与合作。项目同时培养了新一代修复人员、科学研究者与文献记录人员。 documentedThe Dunhuang Academy. Fan Jinshi and Academy staff hold the primary position in this work; the Getty Conservation Institute team collaborated. The project also trained a new generation of conservators, scientists and documentation staff.
- 年代与规模Date and scale
- 867年建成，晚唐；前室、甬道、主室；约350平方米壁画，三身彩塑。Completed 867, late Tang; antechamber, corridor and main chamber; about 350 m² of wall painting and three polychrome sculptures.
- 病害Condition
- 大面积地仗层空鼓、脱落，盐污染广泛。Widespread plaster detachment and salt contamination.
- 项目Project
- 1997年起以第85窟为重点的合作；2010年完成。Collaboration focused on Cave 85 from 1997; completed in 2010.
- 湿度区间Humidity range
- 冬季约10–20%；夏季40%以上；降雨可达80%以上。混合盐可在75%以下潮解。Winter about 10–20%; summer 40% or higher; rain can raise it above 80%. Mixed salts can act below 75%.
- 本页的限度Limits of this page
- 模型页内所有动画与图示均为新构模型，用以说明关系，并非纪录影像，数值为示意而非实测记录。事实、解释与模型在文中分别标注。文末照片为实拍资料照片。 modelEvery animation and diagram here is a newly composed model made to show a relation. None of it is documentary footage, and its numbers are illustrative rather than measured records. Fact, interpretation and model are labelled separately above. The photograph below is a real documentary photograph.
Getty · Wall Paintings Conservation at the Mogao Grottoes